What happens to bacteria when they are not active?

When bacteria are not active, they often enter a dormant state, which allows them to survive in unfavorable conditions. This dormancy can include the formation of protective spores. These spores are tough, resilient structures that can withstand extreme environmental changes, such as heat, dryness, and chemical exposure. By forming spores, bacteria can protect their genetic material and remain viable until conditions become favorable again for growth and reproduction.

The other answer choices do not accurately describe the behavior of bacteria in a dormant state. For instance, bacteria do not multiply rapidly when inactive; instead, their metabolic processes slow down significantly. The idea that they die immediately is misleading because many bacteria can persist for long periods in non-active forms. Additionally, bacteria do not mutate into viruses; these are fundamentally different types of organisms, with distinct biological processes and life cycles.